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Does the idea that consciousness is fundamental, as suggested by philosophers like Donald Hoffman and Bernardo Kastrup, conflict with the Buddhist concept of emptiness?

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  • Michael Faucher
    Only if consciousness is being asserted as intrinsically fundamentally existing.


    Eight extremes - Rigpa Wiki
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    Eight extremes - Rigpa Wiki
    Eight extremes - Rigpa Wiki


  • Owen Richards
    Michael Faucher how could it be fundamental, yet not fundamentally extant?


    Michael Faucher
    Owen Richards because “fundamental” here is being used conventionally;
    For example, heat and light is fundamental to fire, but fire—which is heat and light—is not fundamentally extant,


  • Michael Faucher
    Owen Richards (and also, neither is fire, because fire is also dependent on conditions.)




  • Soh Wei Yu
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    For detailed explanations of michael’s point, see https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/.../clarifications-on...
    Clarifications on Dharmakaya and Basis by Loppön Namdrol/Malcolm
    AWAKENINGTOREALITY.COM
    Clarifications on Dharmakaya and Basis by Loppön Namdrol/Malcolm
    Clarifications on Dharmakaya and Basis by Loppön Namdrol/Malcolm

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  • Owen Richards
    Michael Faucher what conditions is consciousness dependent on?


  • Aditya Prasad
    Top contributor
    Yes, it conflicts. Bernardo is talking about Brahman (or what AtR calls substantial nonduality). I gave a few of his quotes in the piece I shared here a few days ago that makes this clear.


  • Soh Wei Yu
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    I haven’t read them up but I trust Aditya have gotten them right.
    I will just share the Buddhist view here:
    Excerpt:
    Discourse)
    Dissolving the Mind
    Dissolving the mind
    Though purifying mind is the essence of practicing the Way, it is not done by clinging at the mind as a glorified and absolute entity. It is not that one simply goes inward by rejecting the external world. It is not that the mind is pure and the world is impure. When mind is clear, the world is a pure-field. When mind is deluded, the world is Samsara. Bodhidharma said,
    Seeing with insight, form is not simply form, because form depends on mind. And, mind is not simply mind, because mind depends on form. Mind and form create and negate each other. … Mind and the world are opposites, appearances arise where they meet. When your mind does not stir inside, the world does not arise outside. When the world and the mind are both transparent, this is the true insight.” (from the Wakeup Discourse)
    Just like the masters of Madhyamaka, Bodhidharma too pointed out that mind and form are interdependently arising. Mind and form create each other. Yet, when you cling to form, you negate mind. And, when you cling to mind, you negate form. Only when such dualistic notions are dissolved, and only when both mind and the world are transparent (not turning to obstructing concepts) the true insight arises.
    In this regard, Bodhidharma said,
    Using the mind to look for reality is delusion.
    Not using the mind to look for reality is awareness.
    (from the Wakeup Discourse)
    So, to effectively enter the Way, one has to go beyond the dualities (conceptual constructs) of mind and form. As far as one looks for reality as an object of mind, one is still trapped in the net of delusion (of seeing mind and form as independent realities), never breaking free from it. In that way, one holds reality as something other than oneself, and even worse, one holds oneself as a spectator to a separate reality!
    When the mind does not stir anymore and settles into its pristine clarity, the world does not stir outside. The reality is revealed beyond the divisions of Self and others, and mind and form. Thus, as you learn not to use the mind to look for reality and simply rests in the natural state of mind as it is, there is the dawn of pristine awareness – knowing reality as it is, non-dually and non-conceptually.
    When the mind does not dissolve in this way to its original clarity, whatever one sees is merely the stirring of conceptuality. Even if we try to construct a Buddha’s mind, it only stirs and does not see reality. Because, the Buddha’s mind is simply the uncompounded clarity of Bodhi (awakening), free from stirring and constructions. So, Bodhidharma said,
    That which ordinary knowledge understands is also said to be within the boundaries of the norms. When you do not produce the mind of a common man, or the mind of a sravaka or a bodhisattva, and when you do not even produce a Buddha-mind or any mind at all, then for the first time you can be said to have gone outside the boundaries of the norms. If no mind at all arises, and if you do not produce understanding nor give rise to delusion, then, for the first time, you can be said to have gone outside of everything. (From the Record #1, of the Collection of Bodhidharma’s Works3 retrieved from Dunhuang Caves)
    Way of Bodhi
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    Way of Bodhi
    Way of Bodhi

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  • Soh Wei Yu
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    ….
    The myriad forms of the entire universe are the seal of the single Dharma. Whatever forms are seen are but the perception of mind. But mind is not independently existent. It is co-dependent with form.
    - Zen Master Mazu
    ….
    “But how could one [even] gain the ability to know that it is no-mind [that sees, hears, feels, and knows]?"
    "Just try to find out in every detail: What appearance does mind have? And if it can be apprehended: is [what is apprehended] mind or not? Is [mind] inside or outside, or somewhere in between? As long as one looks for mind in these three locations, one's search will end in failure. Indeed, searching it anywhere will end in failure. That's exactly why it is known as no-mind."”
    “At this, the disciple all at once greatly awakened and realized for the first time that there is no thing apart from mind, and no mind apart from things. All of his actions became utterly free. Having broken through the net of all doubt, he was freed of all obstruction.”
    Some Zen Masters’ Quotations on Anatman
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    Some Zen Masters’ Quotations on Anatman
    Some Zen Masters’ Quotations on Anatman

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  • Soh Wei Yu
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    "Although mind is distinguished from form, they share the same nature. Form is mind, mind is forms. They interfuse with one another without difficulty. Therefore, knowing is the objects of knowledge, and the objects, knowing. Knowing is reality, reality knowing."
    - Kūkai


  • Soh Wei Yu
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    Greg Goode on Advaita/Madhyamika
    Dr. Greg Goode wrote in Emptything:
    It looks your Bahiya Sutta experience helped you see awareness in a different way, more .... empty. You had a background in a view that saw awareness as more inherent or essential or substantive?
    I had an experience like this too. I was reading a sloka in Nagarjuna's treatise about the "prior entity," and I had been meditating on "emptiness is form" intensely for a year. These two threads came together in a big flash. In a flash, I grokked the emptiness of awareness as per Madhyamika. This realization is quite different from the Advaitic oneness-style realization. It carries one out to the "ten-thousand things" in a wonderful, light and free and kaleidoscopic, playful insubstantial clarity and immediacy. No veils, no holding back. No substance or essence anywhere, but love and directness and intimacy everywhere...
    ........
    Stian, cool, get into that strangeness! There is a certain innocent, not-knowing quality to strangeness that counteracts the rush to certainty, the need to arrive, to land.
    I still don't get your "no compromise" point. Can you rephrase it, but without the words "between" or "compromise"?
    Anything can be denied. And is. There is one prominent Advaita teacher that I like who likes to say "You can't deny that you are the awareness that is hearing these words right now."
    This kind of gapless continuity, so prized in Advaita, is readily denied in other approaches to experience:
    you. can't. deny. that. you. are. the. awareness. hearing. these. words. right. now.
    I remember feeling during one retreat, just how many ways that this could be denied. From a different model of time and experience, there are gaps and fissures all over the place, even in that sentence (hence. the. dots). Each moment is divided within itself, carrying traces of past and future (retention and protention). The first "you"-moment and the second "you"-moment are not necessarily experienced by the same entity. Each "I" is different. Entitification itself is felt as autoimmune, as divided within itself, and any "gaplessness" is nothing more than a paste-job.
    Not saying one of these is right and the other wrong. Just pointing out how something so undeniable can readily be denied!
    ......
    Emptiness group:
    Awareness and Emptiness.
    Many people, myself at times as well, have thought that Advaitic, atman-style awareness and emptiness are the same thing. When I began to study Nagarjuna, I was reading through a lens colored by the Advaita teachings. You know how they go, Awareness is the Self and very nature of me. The psychophysical components are certainly not me. I remain the same through the coming and going and changing of the components.
    At that time, I had had trouble understanding 50% of the key line in the Heart Sutra,
    "Form is emptiness and emptiness is form."
    I got the "form is emptiness" part. But I couldn't grok the "emptiness is form" part. Thinking that Advaitic Awareness=emptiness, I was used to thinking that Awareness IS, whether universes arise or not. How can Awareness equal its contents? And if it did, why even call it global Awareness? The contents could speak for themselves," I was thinking.
    Also, many Advaitic-style teachings proceed by refuting the phenomena (thoughts, feelings and sensations) but retaining THAT to which they arise. That was the type of teaching I was used to, and it colored my approach to Madhyamika.
    So it was very easy to read the Buddhist notion of "emptiness" in this same way. But it began to get a little puzzling. In my readings of Prasangika Madhyamika (which never mentions a global awareness), they never say that anywhere that emptiness=awareness. Nevertheless, I was supplying this equivalence for myself, making the mental substitution of one highest path's highest term with another's.
    As I continued, there seem less and less evidence that Madhyamika was doing this, but I didn't encounter anything that knocked the idea away. It got more and more puzzling for me.
    And then one day I read this from Nagarjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Sloka IX:4, about the "prior entity," or a subject or owner or substrate for what is seen and heard. (translations from the Garfield edition).
    "If it can abide Without the seen, etc., Then, without a doubt, They can abide without it."
    Then it dawned on me! The independence (and hence the dependence) that Buddhism is talking about is two-way, not just one-way. If A is logically independent from B, then B is logically independent from A.
    If you can have a self that doesn't depend on things seen, then you can have things seen that do not depend on a self.
    So, for Nagarjuna, can you really have a self that is truly bilaterally independent from what is seen?
    No, because of his next sloka, IX:10:
    "Someone is disclosed by something. Something is disclosed by someone. Without something how can someone exist? Without someone how can something exist?"
    With these two verses, I finally understood the two-way dependence that Buddhism was talking about. And both halves of that important line in the Heart Sutra finally made sense!!
    .........
    Greg Goode on Advaita/Madhyamika
    AWAKENINGTOREALITY.COM
    Greg Goode on Advaita/Madhyamika
    Greg Goode on Advaita/Madhyamika

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  • Soh Wei Yu
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    .........
    Taken from Krodha (Kyle Dixon)'s Dharmawheel posts compilation: https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/.../table-of-contents...
    Author: krodha
    Date: Tue May 28, 2013 6:35 pm
    Title: Re: Question about "location of mind" Content:
    Greg Goode had some good insight on this too:
    Greg wrote:
    Matt, when you say
    'can someone show me how it's [awareness] not an eternal, non-separate essence?' and
    'as soon as you point to a phenomenon upon which awareness would be dependent, awareness was already there,'
    are you assuming that awareness is one, single unified thing that is already there before objects are? That awareness is present whether objects are present or not?
    That is a particular model. It sounds very similar to Advaita. But there are other models.
    The emptiness teachings have a different model. Instead of one big awareness they posit many mind- moments or separate awarenesses. Each one is individuated by its own object. There is no awareness between or before or beyond objects. No awareness that is inherent. In this emptiness model, awareness is dependent upon its object. And as you point out, the object is dependent upon the awareness that apprehends it. But there is no underlying awareness that illuminates the entire show.
    That's how these teachings account for experience while keeping awareness from being inherently existent.
    This isn't the philosophy that denies awareness. That was materialism. We had a few materialists in the fb emptiness group, but they left when they found out that emptiness doesn't utterly deny
    awareness. So you see, there are people who do deny it... In the emptiness teachings, things depend on awareness, cognitiion, conceptualization, yes. But it is the other way around as well. Awareness depends on objects too.
    ----------------------
    Greg wrote:
    Speaking of *after* studying the emptiness teachings.... After beginning to study the emptiness teachings, the most dramatic and earth-shattering thing I realized the emptiness of was awareness, consciousness.
    It came as an upside-down, inside-out BOOM, since I had been inquiring into this very point for a whole year. It happened while I was meditating on Nagarjuna's Treatise. Specifically verse IX:4, from “Examination of the Prior Entity.”
    If it can abide
    Without the seen, etc., Then, without a doubt, They can abide without it.
    I saw that a certain parity and bilateral symmetry is involved. If awareness can exist without its objects, then without a doubt, they can exist without awareness. True enough. Then there is a hidden line or two:
    BUT - the objects CAN'T exist without awareness. Therefore, awareness can't exist without them. This was big for me.
    .........
    Table of Contents for Malcolm Dharmawheel Posts + Astus, Krodha (Kyle Dixon), Geoff (Jnana), Meido Moore
    AWAKENINGTOREALITY.COM
    Table of Contents for Malcolm Dharmawheel Posts + Astus, Krodha (Kyle Dixon), Geoff (Jnana), Meido Moore
    Table of Contents for Malcolm Dharmawheel Posts + Astus, Krodha (Kyle Dixon), Geoff (Jnana), Meido Moore

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  • Soh Wei Yu
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    .........
    I'm not sure what you mean by "itch," but I can tell you that when I began to study the Mulamadhyamakakarika (MMK), I wanted to let it speak for itself. I didn't want to bring to it any presumptions that I picked up from other teachings, such as that all reality depends on an aware ground of being. This was my intention from the beginning, and it took me a while to detect those assumptions in myself as I proceeded with my study. The text of the MMK itself actually helped dissolve those assumptions from my study and practice of Madhyamika.
    It's pretty clear that in the MMK there is no support for an aware ground of being.
    About verses 8 and 9. they are dialectical arguments against the notion of an independent self that is the basis and unifying substance of all experience. As dialectical arguments, they examine consequences that would follow if there were really such an independent self. And they find that the consequences are absurd, or that they go against the independent-self idea. Confronting these absurd consequences frees us from assenting to the independent-self doctrine.
    Verses 8 and 9 are instances of the same/different argument schema. Those who believe in existence usually assert that if A and B exist, then they must be the same as each other, or different from each other.
    Verse 8 examines the absurd consequences of stating that the seer and hearer and feeler are the same.
    It looks at what would happen if there were a self that is the hearer and seer and feeler (which is what the independent-self doctrine asserts). If there were such a self, it would contravene the insights from Verses 4-6, which argue that the seer depends on the seen just like the seen depends on the seer.
    In our experience, seeing and hearing and feeling happen at different times, sometimes apart, sometimes together. If there WERE such a self, the very same self that hears and sees, Verse 8 is arguing that the self would have to exist PRIOR to hearing and PRIOR to seeing.
    Verse 9 examines the absurd consequences of stating that the seer and hearer and feeler are different. It argues that in this case, there would be multiple independent selves, one for seeing, one for hearing, and one for feeling. This obviously contradicts the main point of the independent self doctrine, which is that there is just ONE entity which does all the seeing and hearing.
    Nagarjuna's strategy here is to show that assuming an independent entity prior to experience makes no sense at all. This is because it makes no sense if the seer equals the hearer, and it makes no sense if the seer does not equal the hearer.
    Therefore, it makes no sense!
    And it keeps on going, getting more and more radical.
    Verse 11 - here the MMK uses the conclusion about the absurdity of the independent seer to refute the inherent existence of independent modes of perception.
    In Verse 12, the MMK says that having seen all this, we are freed from conceptions and assertions of existence and non-existence.
    .......
    Geovani, I’m very glad to hear that your mind is knotted up. Emptiness insights can do that to us when we start getting into them.
    Yes, this approach would acknowledge swoons, anesthesia, “zone” moments and deep sleep. We could say that these are “longer” gaps than the gaps between momentary sounds and other sensations. But that isn’t a metaphysical claim, just a non-theoretical comment about experience.
    The main takeaway from the refutation of an independent “prior entity” is that continuity is only imputed casually as a transactional, conventional way of organizing experience. It’s not a serious claim, and it wouldn’t hold up under analysis. So for this kind of practical manner of speaking, continuity doesn’t require an inherent, underlying ground. If continuity itself were examined, it would be just as insubstantial as the other things examined by the MMK.
    Many Buddhist meditations focus on discerning the DIScontinuities in what we normally assume is continuous and unbroken.
    Also, for Nagarjuna in this chapter, the “prior entity,” has already been refuted in by the time he reaches verses 8-12.
    Labels: Advaita, Emptiness, Greg Goode, Madhyamaka |


  • Robert Dominik Tkanka
    Not necessarily, look Vijnanavada (Cittamatra).
    The difference is that Buddhist models of consciousness present it as momentary, conditioned, diverse (individual streams and sense spheres).
    Hindu models posit consciousness that is permanent, uncoditioned, unitary.
    This crucial difference shows up on brain studies of meditators. Its not only theory. According to researcher Stanisław Radoń (not Buddhist nor Hindu btw) Buddhist meditation turns off habituation so You constantly see, hear, feel the flow of data as new, your brain is constantly engaged. In Hindu meditation external stimuli activation is decresed in order to focus on a self-consciousness and absorbption in one's self.
    Ofc course there are then further differences between various sub-systems of Buddhism or Hinduism.
    You can think of consciousness in Buddhism as a stream. Stream of sense data and thoughts that doesn't exist on its own apart from the everchanging stream of sense and mental (this dichotomy is not asserted in many Buddhist schools) phenomena.
    In Hinduism consciousness or awareness (there is some semantic confusion here as some prefer one word over another) is a stable observer background or substance that serves as a support for sense and mental experience.
    Hindu one serves as a stable reference point for your meditation, experience is seen from its standpoint. The Buddhist teaching doesn't posit such a reference point, experience is freeflowing and unsuported.
    So the question is: do these guys treat consciousness more in the Buddhist or in the Hindu sense? Like what is their model of cognition? More Samkhya or more Abhidharma/Cittamatra?

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