Soh

This translation of a crucial Dzogchen text is provided solely for your personal reference, and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Please do not reproduce or distribute this version elsewhere, as it was translated from Tibetan using ChatGPT 5 Thinking using Prompt 1 in https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/2025/04/ai-gemini-prompt-to-translate-atr-blog.html. Since I do not read Tibetan (I am only conversant with English and Chinese), I am unable to verify the correctness of this translation. If you are proficient in Tibetan and can provide feedback regarding its accuracy, please feel free to contact me: https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/p/contact-us.html

Original Tibetan Text: https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B

The Gemini Prompt I used to translate: https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/2025/04/ai-gemini-prompt-to-translate-atr-blog.html

The translation: 


Clean Copy — Part 1/4 (SegID 1–4)

SegID 1
Hūṃ.
From “The Profound Dharma of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities, Self-Liberation of Wisdom-Mind”: “Direct Introduction to Knowledge: Liberation upon Seeing Nakedly.”
Homage to the three bodies and to the deities who embody the self-luminous radiance of knowledge (rigpa [vidyā]).

SegID 2
Here I will teach “Liberation upon Seeing Nakedly through Direct Introduction to Knowledge.” Understand this well, O fortunate child of noble family. Samaya. Seal, seal, seal! Emaho!
The single mind that pervades saṃsāra and nirvāṇa has always been oneself, yet one has not recognized it. Though the stream of lucid knowing never ceases, one has not met its face. Though it arises unobstructedly anywhere, it has not been identified. Because this very thing is to be known in one’s own nature, all that the Victorious Ones of the three times spoke—doors of Dharma in eighty-four thousand sections, beyond the reach of thought—was said only in order to realize precisely this; apart from this, the Victorious Ones have said nothing. Though the scriptural word is boundless as the sky, its meaning is exhausted in three phrases that introduce knowledge directly and reveal the intent of the Victorious Ones without concealment: this is the pointed instruction like a finger.

SegID 3
Listen here, O fortunate children! There is a great, renowned sound called “mind.” Failing to realize this itself, mistaking it and taking sides, not realizing things exactly as they are, one becomes lost in countless philosophical extremes. Ordinary beings, each not realizing their own nature, wander through the three realms and six classes, living out suffering. This fault, too, is the failure to realize precisely this very mind of one’s own. Outsiders, speculating wrongly about what is external, fall into the extremes of eternalism and nihilism and go astray: this, too, is the fault of not realizing one’s very own mind. Śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, aiming only at their own peace, wish to realize, yet do not realize reality exactly as it is: they are obscured. Others are bound by attachment to their own scriptures and tenets; obscured, they do not behold the clear light. Śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas are obscured by clinging to apprehended and apprehender; Centrists are obscured by attachment to the two truths as extremes; practitioners of kriyā and upāya are obscured by clinging to the limits of their trainings; those of the great expanse of Mahāyoga are obscured by fixation on the expanse of awareness; dividing what is non-dual into two, they err; failing to unify the non-dual as one, they do not reach awakening. Since all things—saṃsāra and nirvāṇa—are undivided from one’s own mind, those who take up and reject, adopt and abandon, and follow vehicles, wander in cyclic existence. Where personally-intuited gnosis (rang rig), the three bodies, requires no effort and is naturally perfect, to chase after a distant path is to waste the purpose in the confusions of stages and paths. The intention of the Buddhas lies beyond the intellect; meditating with an aim and object, and reciting, one goes astray. Therefore, turning back all busyness of things to be done, in this way knowledge is seen nakedly, and by being taught self-liberation one realizes that all dharmas are greatly self-liberated. Therefore, in the Great Perfection (Dzogchen), everything is perfected. Samaya. Seal, seal, seal! Emaho!

SegID 4
This mind—lucid, knowing, flashing forth—exists, yet it does not exist as even a single thing. When it arises, there arise the varied joys and sorrows of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa. What one desires accords with the twelve vehicles. Names are countless, each imputed differently. Some call it “mind itself, mind just so.” Outsiders call it “self.” The śrāvakas say “no self of person.” The Mind-Only school imputes the name “mind.” Others designate it “Madhyamaka.” Others call it “Perfection of Wisdom” (prajñāpāramitā). Others name it “heart-essence of the Sugatas.” Others term it “Great Seal” (mahāmudrā). Others say “single bindu” (thig le nyag gcig). Others call it “expanse of dharmas” (dharmadhātu). Others say “all-basis” (kun gzhi, ālaya) [still a consciousness; not the goal—one must open it and see its nature]. Others name it “ordinary consciousness” (tha mal gyi shes pa).

If this very thing is introduced by the pointing finger evident to direct perception, thoughts of the past vanish without trace like a line drawn on water. Thoughts of the future are unborn like a breeze that has not arisen. The present moment—without fabrication—abides in its own way. This ordinary present knowing—what is it? When you look straight at your own self, the seer—there is a limpid clarity without anything to be seen; knowledge is nakedly present, vivid. As nothing at all is established, it is empty and bare. Since the clear and the empty are not two, it is primordially pure. It is not permanent—since nowhere does anything at all become established. It is not annihilated—since it is limpid, vivid clarity. It is not one—since it is many and yet nonconceptually clear. Though many, they are not established as different; without separation, they are a single flavor. Apart from that, nothing exists elsewhere: just this personally-intuited gnosis. This inherent self-awareness does not derive from anything outside itself.

This is the introduction to the true mode of being of things. Within this, the three bodies are undivided and complete as one: because nothing at all is established anywhere, it is the Dharma-body of emptiness; the resplendence of that emptiness—lucid and clear—is the Enjoyment-body; its unobstructed arising anywhere is the Emanation-body. The completeness of the three as one is the very essence. When you are introduced in this way through this exceedingly powerful method, you discover that your own immediate self-awareness is just this, with an inherent self-clarity entirely unfabricated—how, then, could one speak of not understanding mind? Since you are meditating without finding anything there to meditate upon, how could you say your meditation does not go well? Since your own manifest intrinsic awareness is just this, how could you say you cannot find your own mind? The mind is just that which is thinking; and yet, although you have searched for the thinker, how could you say you do not find him? With respect to this, nowhere is there a doer who is the cause of (mental) activity, and yet, since activity exists, how could you say such activity does not arise? Since merely allowing thoughts to settle in their own condition, without trying to modify them in any way, is sufficient, how could you say you are not able to remain in calm? Since allowing thoughts to be just as they are, without trying to do anything about them, is sufficient, how could you say you are not able to do anything with regard to them? Since clarity, awareness, and emptiness are inseparable and spontaneously self-perfected, how could you say nothing is accomplished by your practice? Since intrinsic awareness is self-originated and spontaneously perfect without antecedent causes or conditions, how could you say you are not able to accomplish anything by your efforts? Since the arising of discursive thoughts and their release occur simultaneously, how could you say you are unable to apply an antidote? Since your own immediate awareness is just this, how could you say you do not know anything with regard to it?

  1.  

Be certain that mind itself is empty and groundless—empty like the sky. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind. Be certain that emptiness here is not a nihilistic cutting off of the radiant openness; the spontaneously arisen pristine consciousness is primordially clear. The spontaneously arisen self-luminosity is like the sun’s heart. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind. Be certain that knowledge and pristine consciousness are an unbroken stream—the stream of knowledge like the flow of a river. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind. Be certain that discursivity, movement, recollection, and apprehension are unreal—appearing like motes of dust in a shaft of light. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind. Be certain that whatever appears is self-appearance—forms are one’s own appearance, like reflections in a mirror. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind. Be certain that all signs and marks liberate in their own place—self-arising, self-liberating, like clouds dissolving. Whether alike or not alike, look to your own mind.

  1.  

Apart from mind there are no dharmas at all. If you look by means of “view,” apart from mind there are no dharmas. Apart from mind there are no dharmas for “meditation.” Apart from mind there are no dharmas for “conduct.” Apart from mind there are no dharmas for “keeping samaya.” Apart from mind there are no dharmas for “accomplishing result.” Look again and again—again and again—into your own mind. Gazing far away into the outer expanse of sky, if your mind flutters outward, do not let it fly. Turning back within, looking directly to your own mind, if the thinker who wanders in thought does not stay, there is a limpid clarity without coming and going. Personally-intuited clear light—empty Dharma-body—appears like the sun dawning in a cloudless, pure sky. Nowhere dominated by discursive thought, it knows with limpid clarity anywhere. The difference is vast between understanding this and not understanding it.

  1.  

This spontaneously arisen clear light—unborn from the very beginning—is the wondrous child of knowledge, without father or mother. Wondrous: the spontaneously arisen pristine consciousness, made by none. Wondrous: never born, without anything that can die. Wondrous: evident, clear to direct perception, yet without a seer who sees. Wondrous: though wandering in cyclic existence, it does not go to bad destinies. Wondrous: though attaining buddhahood, it does not go anywhere else. Wondrous: present in all, yet unknown. Wondrous: abandoning this and hoping for some other result. Wondrous: though it abides in oneself, seeking it elsewhere. Emaho! This present, real knowledge—this lucid clarity—is the apex of all views. This absence of reference point, all-pervasive and free of thought, is the apex of all meditations. This unmodified, holder-less looseness in resting is the apex of all conduct. This unsearched, primordially and spontaneously perfected is the apex of all results.

Because there is no error, the Four Great Marks (thig chen) are taught: the Great Mark of view is this present, clear knowing; the Great Mark of meditation is this present, clear knowing; the Great Mark of conduct is this present, clear knowing; and the Great Mark of result is this present, clear knowing. Each is called a "mark" because this knowing is clear and unerring.

Likewise, the Four Great Unchanging Nails (gzer chen) are taught: the Great Nail of view is this present, clear awareness; the Great Nail of meditation is this present, clear awareness; the Great Nail of conduct is this present, clear awareness; and the Great Nail of result is this present, clear awareness. Each is called a "nail" because it is steadfast throughout the three times.

The instruction that places the three times as one is this: do not bind before or after—abandon recognition of past and future. Do not welcome what is outside ahead—cut the mind’s leash. Right now, without grasping, abide in the space of the sky. There is no meditation; wherever you are, do not meditate. There is no distraction; rely on non-distraction’s mindfulness. Without meditation and without distraction, remain in that state with ease. Personally-intuited knowing, self-luminosity vivid—when it dawns, that is called bodhicitta. There is no meditation: it transcends the sphere of objects of knowledge. There is no distraction: it is clear by its own essence. Appearance and emptiness, self-liberation—clear-empty, Dharma-body—this is not attained by traveling the Buddhas’ path; it is manifest now. Therefore, it is seen at this very time by Vajra-heroes.

  1.  

The final, conclusive instruction is this: though views not in accord are many and vast, in personally-intuited gnosis—mind itself, spontaneously arisen pristine consciousness—there are not two, viewer and viewed. Do not look; do not seek a looker. If, seeking the one who looks, you do not find, at that time view is released to exhaustion. Even the cave of view is found within yourself. Since there is nothing at all to be viewed by a viewer, do not fall into primordial nonexistence, an empty blank. This present self-knowing clarity is the very view of the Great Perfection. In it there are not two—realizing and not realizing. Though meditations not in accord are many and vast, in your own self-knowing, ordinary consciousness, there are not two—what is to be meditated and one who meditates. Do not cultivate; do not seek a meditator. If, seeking the meditator, you do not find, at that time meditation is released to exhaustion. Even the cave of meditation is found within yourself. Since there is nothing at all to be meditated by meditating, do not fall under the sway of dullness, agitation, stupor, or wildness. This present, unmodified knowing—limpid clarity—non-fabrication, even placement—this is absorption. There are not two—staying and not staying.

  1.  

Though conducts not in accord are many and vast, in the single bindu of personally-intuited pristine consciousness, there are not two—what is to be enacted and an agent. Do not act; do not seek an actor. If, seeking that actor itself, you do not find, at that time conduct is released to exhaustion. Even the cave of conduct is found within yourself. Since there is nothing at all to be enacted by acting, do not fall under the sway of habitual traces and deluded appearances. This present knowing—unmodified, self-luminous—without adopting or rejecting anything—that itself is the conduct of complete purity. There are not two—pure and impure.

  1.  

Though results not in accord are many and vast, in mind itself—personally-intuited—where the three bodies are spontaneously perfect, there are not two—what is to be attained and an attainer. Do not attain; do not seek an attainer. If, seeking that attainer itself, you do not find, at that time result is released to exhaustion. Even the cave of result is found within yourself. Since there is nothing at all to be attained as a result, do not fall under the sway of hope and fear. This present knowing—self-luminosity, spontaneously perfect—realizing the manifest three bodies, is precisely the result of perfect buddhahood from the very beginning.

  1.  

This knowledge is free of the eight extremes of eternalism and nihilism; because it does not fall to any extreme, it is called “Madhyamaka.” It is called “knowledge whose mindfulness and cognition do not cease.” Because it is the heart of empty knowledge, it is named “heart-essence of the Sugatas.” Knowing this meaning, one is the foremost among all knowables; therefore it is called “perfection of wisdom.” Because it is beyond the mind and all extremes from the beginning, it is named “Great Seal.” Because, differing not at all between realizing and not realizing, it becomes the ground of all joys and sorrows of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, it is called “all-basis (ālaya).” In the unfabricated ordinariness of abiding just as one is, this limpid, vivid knowing of the present is termed “ordinary consciousness.” However many fine, pleasing names are imputed, in meaning there is nothing better elsewhere than this present knowing. One who wants something beyond this is like one who, having found an elephant, searches for its footprints: even if enslaved to emptiness, clarity, and their inseparability, one will never find more. Apart from mind, buddhahood cannot be found. Not knowing this meaning, seeking mind outside, how could one find oneself by searching elsewhere? It is like a fool who, in a crowd of many people, becomes distracted by amusements and loses himself; failing to know his own face, he looks for himself elsewhere—just such is the deluded search for what is one’s own.

  1.  

Not seeing the real mode of being of entities, and not knowing appearance as mind, one goes astray into cyclic existence. Not realizing one’s own mind as buddhahood, one is obscured by saṃsāra and nirvāṇa. Knowing and not knowing split a single instant into parts. Mistaking one’s own mind for something other is delusion. Delusion and non-delusion are of one essence. For beings in whom the continuum of mind does not become two, mind itself, unmodified, left in its own place, is free. If one does not recognize delusion as mind itself, one never realizes the reality of dharmatā. Spontaneously arisen, self-dawning, self-luminous—look to yourself: from where did these appearances arise? Where do they abide in between? Where do they go in the end? When you look, it is like a duck rising from a lake: though it flies up, there is no place apart from the lake. Just so, because appearances arise to mind, they arise within one’s own mind and are freed as mind.

  1.  

Mind itself is all-knowing, all-cognizing, clear and empty. From the very beginning, clarity and emptiness are inseparable like the sky. Spontaneously arisen pristine consciousness is evident to direct perception; if settled decisively, that itself is dharmatā. The sign that it is so is that all seeming appearances are known as mind within one’s own mind, and this mind is understood as clear and empty like the sky. Though one sets the sky as an example to indicate dharmatā, it is but a sign that points to one side; mind itself—knowing and empty—is clear anywhere. The sky is not knowing; it is an empty vacuity. Therefore, do not take the sky as the measure of mind’s meaning. Without distraction, abide in that state itself.

  1.  

All conditioned appearances—various, diverse—are not established as even a single true thing. Therefore all seeming appearances—saṃsāra and nirvāṇa—are the single vision of one’s own mind. Whenever one’s own mental continuum shifts, sights arise outwardly; therefore all is the vision of mind. Beings of the six classes each see according to their kind. Outsiders see as eternalism or nihilism. Those in nine vehicles each see according to their view. Many sights appear, yet they are not many; grasping them as different, each clings and is deluded. Since every appearance is knowledge of mind, when vision dawns and there is no grasping, that is buddhahood. If appearances are not deluded, grasping makes delusion. Knowing grasping as mind, it is freed in its own place. Wherever anything appears, it appears by mind.

 

17.

The container-world, seen as a great vessel, is mind. The contents—beings of six classes—seen, are mind. The joys of the higher realms of gods and humans—seen, are mind. The sufferings of the three bad destinies—seen, are mind. Ignorance, afflictions, and the five poisons—seen, are mind. Spontaneously arisen pristine consciousness—seen, is mind. Negative conceptuality and karmic imprints of cyclic existence—seen, are mind. Positive conceptuality and the realm of peace—seen, are mind. Māras and demons and obstructors—seen, are mind. Gods and siddhis clearly seen—are mind. The many kinds of conceptual elaboration—seen, are mind. Abiding in nonconceptual single-pointedness in meditation—seen, is mind. The colors of objects and their characteristics—seen, are mind. The absence of signs and of elaborations—seen, is mind. The one and the many and the absence of two—seen, are mind. Existence and nonexistence and the unestablished—seen, are mind. Apart from mind there is no appearance at all. Whatever appears without ceasing in mind itself—though it appears like the lake’s water and its waves—it is not two; within mind’s own state, it is freed.

 

18.

What is designated and named without ceasing is not other than the one mind’s meaning. That singularity itself is groundless, rootless. In whatever direction you seek, not even one thing is found. Not seeing anything as an entity, nowhere does anything become established. Not seeing it as empty, there is a luster of knowing-clarity. Not seeing it as many, there is the nondual state of clear-empty inseparability. Now, your own knowledge is vividly clear. Though made so, you do not know the one who makes it so. Though without inherent nature, it is directly experienced. If this itself is directly experienced, all is freed. The senses realize without harshness or dullness. Though sesame and butter are the cause of butter, unless pressed and churned, butter does not emerge. Though all beings are truly the heart-essence of buddhahood, unless personally experienced, sentient beings will not awaken. If personally experienced, even a cowherd will be freed. Even without eloquence, it is decisively evident. Like sugar tasted on one’s own tongue, another need not speak of its taste. If this itself is not realized, even a paṇḍita is deluded. Though skilled in expounding the nine vehicles and all knowables, if it is not seen, it is only a tale told from afar. One is not a moment closer to buddhahood.

 

19.

If this itself is realized, virtue and non-virtue release in their own place. If this itself is not realized, whatever virtue and non-virtue you perform, you do not pass beyond the higher realms, bad destinies, and cyclic existence. If only the emptiness-clarity of one’s own mind—pristine consciousness—is realized, no benefit or harm is ever established at all. Like an illusion that is empty yet does not collapse into nothing, in emptiness itself, virtue and non-virtue are not ultimately established. Therefore, meet knowledge face to face in direct perception: this “seeing nakedly, self-liberation” is supremely profound. Therefore, mingle yourself with this knowledge. Samaya. Seal, seal, seal! Emaho!

 

20.

This “Direct Introduction to Knowledge—Seeing Nakedly, Self-Liberation” is for the benefit of those destined in the later degenerate generations to come. For all who have had experience of personally-intuited gnosis through tantras, sūtras, and pith instructions, this brief and clear compendium of the intent is appended. Do not circulate it now; conceal it as a precious treasure. May it meet, in the future, those with the proper connection. Samaya. Seal, seal, seal.

 

21.

The profound Dharma entitled “Direct Introduction of Knowledge in Direct Perception: Seeing Nakedly, Self-Liberation” was arranged to completion by the Master of Uḍḍiyāna, Padma Jungnē (Padmasambhava). Samaya. Seal, seal, seal.

 

22.

It was summoned to the throne by the accomplished treasure-revealer Karma Lingpa, brought forth from the gathering like the dance of the retinue of the mountain deity of Gampodar.


Soh

这篇文章是我为母亲所写,她希望我为她解说《心经》。读了我篇文章的中文翻译后,John Tan 说:“这个翻译相当不错,不过还可以再展开一些。” 

白话优化版(版本 0.2

不可得的圆满:鼓声、虹光与海市蜃楼如何开启《心经》

心经》对我们的日常知觉提出了很深的挑战。它的中心要点色即是空,空即是色,以及无眼耳鼻舌身意……无智亦无得等一连串的否定,很容易被误会成在说世界什么都没有。但这部经的激进处,并不是要把一切抹掉,而是要去实体化:把我们习惯把坚固、独立、自己就存在的实有,投射到一个本来流动、相依、互成的世界上的那种执着,一层层拆开。要真正体会这一点,不需要先跳进抽象的哲学里,我们可以先从佛教传统里那些具体又优雅的比喻开始。鼓声、彩虹,以及八喻(八种幻的比方)都在说明:空性(性空)不是一块空空的黑洞,而是不可得、没有一个独立核心的那个找不到,正因为找不到、没有自性,万法才得以鲜明出现、而且正常起作用。

鼓声:用找不到本质来显出空

佛说老女人经》(Mahallikā-paripcchāToh 171)里的鼓喻,给出了最基本的推理。鼓一敲,声音就起。我们马上会本能地想去找声音在哪里:是在木框里吗?是在蒙的皮上吗?在鼓槌上吗?在打鼓的人手里吗?经里一层一层拆解,结论是:声不住于木,不住于皮,不住于杖,亦不住于人的手。然由诸缘,是名为声。所谓声者亦为空,无来无去……”意思是:你在任何部分里都找不到一个声音本身,它也不是离开这些条件另有一个独立存在的声体。整段探求,其实就是在找声音的本质或核心”——有没有一个自足的、能钉住声物。结果找不到这个核心,就显出它是空。

既然没有一个自成一体的声音之物可找,我们平常说的有一个声音存在,其实只是依赖条件、暂时安立的称呼(假名安立,upādāya-prajñapti),是我们给一组能起作用的条件配合,贴的一个名字。这正把我们带进离有无二边的中道:声音不是一个自性成立、永远常住的东西(常见),也不是完全没有的虚无(断见),因为它确实能起作用。它的运作完全是世俗层面上的:靠条件成立、靠缘起安立。把任何一个条件抽掉——比如蒙皮没有、出力没有、空气不载波——声音就没了。经里说得很明确:由是等缘,名之为声。所谓声者亦为空。无来无去……一切法本自寂止。声音并不是从某个声音的地方跑到你的耳朵里来。这正是《心经》所概括的不生不灭。鼓声没有一个能被找到、静止不变的核心;也正因为找不到,所以当条件具足时,它就能毫不含糊地出现、起用。

(旁注:这部经把同样的道理推广到生死、五蕴和诸识,说它们无作者,不从哪里来、也不往哪里去,都是依条件假立。这已经预示了《心经》里三个层次的。)

鼓喻与龙树的八不(逐条应用)

龙树菩萨在《中论》(Mūlamadhyamakakārikā)开头的礼敬偈里,用八个不是来总摄中道:不生、不灭;不断、不常;不来、不去;不一、不异;然后总结为息诸戏论prapañcopaśama)。《老妇问经》的鼓喻,把这八个不是都做成了可以亲自检验的例子:鼓一敲,声音不在木、不在皮、不在杖、不在手,它只是依这些因缘而被称作声音没有来,也没有去

下面就用找不到 + 假名安立(upādāya-prajñapti)把每一条讲清楚(参《中论》二十四品第十八偈:诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。):

一、不生(不生起)
如果声音是自己就成立的东西,它要么在敲之前就已经存在(那就不需要生起),要么彻底不存在(那也不能被弄出来)。可经里已经说明:声音既不在任何依处(木、皮、杖、手),也不在它们之外。所以我们说生起,只不过是条件齐了时,给这一合相贴了个名字;并没有一个自立的声体被生产出来。中观里,正是彻底依他、完全靠缘起(pratītya-samutpāda),才显出所谓生产/生起本身是空。

二、不灭(不停息)
如果从来没有一个自性成立的东西被生出来,那也就没有一个自性成立的东西会灭掉。振动消散时,支撑把它叫作声音的那些条件散了,功能结束了,但并没有一个东西被毁灭。所谓不灭,跟不生是一路的:它本来只是一个没有核心、依缘安立的出现而已。

三、不断(不是断灭)
断灭是说有个真的自体被毁掉了。但经文讲得很清楚:所谓声音在任何追寻里都找不到一个实体,那又有什么可以被?这样就避免落到什么都没有的断见,同时也承认世俗上听到的响已经没了

四、不常
同理,常住也不成立。声音能出现,完全靠当下那一刻的条件:皮的张力、敲击、空气、听者的耳识。任何一个条件没有,就没有。既然靠这些不断变化的条件,怎么可能是不变常住

五、不来
经文说得很直接:声音不住木、皮、杖、手,也不是从别处的。由是等缘,名之为声。没有一个实体从什么隐秘去处跑进可听见的范围里。所谓,是我们把一个依缘安立的事件强行想象成有个东西移动过来的投射。

六、不去
同样地,声音消退时,也没有到哪里——不是回到木里,也不是去了别的什么世界。条件没有了,那个安立的根据就没有了;并没有一个东西离开。鼓喻里已经把无去说明白了。

七、不异(不相异)
如果声音真的跟它的条件不同,那就应该可以不靠这些条件而单独想象出来、成立起来。可事实不是这样:离开皮、木、敲击、空气、听闻,哪来的?既然声音跟它的支分分不开,再硬要安一个超越条件之上的、另外有一个它,就说不通。所以不异

八、不一(不相同)
如果声音就是其中任何一个条件(比如皮),那皮没敲时也得是在;或者如果声音就是诸条件的静态总和,那只要鼓、杖、空气都在,哪怕不敲,也该一直有声。都不成立。所以非一

息诸戏论
用一个比喻把八种极端都堵住以后,礼敬偈就落在息诸戏论”——把心里那种喜欢给事件安一个固定形上的地位(生/灭、来/去、一/异)的造作,停下来。鼓喻说明,这些地位在究竟上根本用不上:所谓声音,只是在缘起(pratītyasamutpāda)的网络上假名安立upādāya-praj
ñapti)。看懂了,戏论就息,正见就安。

彩虹:炫目的显现与灵明的知

彩虹的例子,把显得很清楚,却没有在哪里储藏的原则,图像化地展示出来。彩虹看上去是一道非常精确、非常明亮的彩弧,可它没有实体,也没有一个固定的位置。它需要一些特别的条件:阳光、空气里微小的水滴、以及观察者站在差不多 42° 的角度上。你稍微挪一挪位置,彩虹就没了——从头到尾压根就没有一个东西在什么地方躲着。它不是从哪儿来的,也不是藏在水滴或太阳里;一消失,也不是退回什么秘密地方。(关于主虹大约 42° 的几何角,可参 NOAA SciJinks。)

科学说明会列出这些物理条件,但从经验这个角度,它常漏掉一个最关键的条件:我们自心的灵明。没有众生的知觉能力,就算物理条件完全具足,也不会有看到彩虹的经验。所以,灵明的心”“清净的知,也必须算在让这个现象成为一个被认识的事件’”的不可或缺条件里。

这就引出了空性的一个关键补足:光明(巴利 pabhassara,梵 prabhāsvara,常被翻成心本光明)。这里光明不是灯光那种光,而是觉知本身的清澈灵明”——任何经验被知道的那种鲜明、清楚。离开这些显相,没有另一个独立的知就是。更要强调的是:这个清净的知,不是一个与显相分离、躲在背后的实体,更不是什么真我。它就像彩虹一样,自己也无自性、是空的。它不是主观认知去照亮客观对象;而是法法自己显、自己明,非二自明;而且这个自明本身也是空的、没有自体。这就是明与空不二:从一开始根本就没有一个分开的主体客体。世界并不是一片呆板的虚空,而是我们清净觉知的光明、澄澈、鲜活的自显;我们正在经历的,正是这份光明。

八喻:显相与空性同时成立

要把这个理解再扎实一点,大乘常举八种如幻的比喻。(不同经典和传承里列举略有差别;另可参《泡沫经》(SN 22.95)里和无实体相关的意象。)这些比喻不是在说世界是假的,而是训练我们,看见一切法都是如幻。差别很重要:说假,是把它放进/假对立的框架——比如假钞对真钞、幻觉对可验证的东西。这还是默认了有一个牢固的本底实在说如幻,要细得多:如幻不是没有,它现得很真、在世俗里也起作用(像海市蜃楼会让人口渴、起希望)。但是当你去看它的,会发现它完全是靠因缘而起、本来没有可找的自性、没有一个独立的本体。所以,如幻一方面肯定了世俗上的显现,一方面也揭示了它在究竟上空寂、无生

《二万五千颂般若》(Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā)就直接这样说,说明菩萨摩诃萨安住在两种空——“无量的空无始无终的空,然后教导众生:

三界是空。在其中没有色、受、想、行、识,也没有六处和诸界。它们像梦,像回声,像光学的错觉,像幻术,像阳焰,像鬼魅。在其中没有五蕴、六处、十八界。在其中没有梦也没有做梦的人;没有回声也没有听回声的人;没有错觉也没有看错觉的人;没有幻术也没有做幻术的人;没有阳焰也没有看阳焰的人;没有鬼魅也没有看鬼魅的人。一切法都是非有,它们的体性也是非有。可是你们却在没有蕴的地方执有蕴,在没有处的地方执有处,在没有界的地方执有界。因为一切法都是依缘起而错现,又因为过去业熟而被执取;如果不是这样,你们又怎么会把一切法的非有,看成呢?

每一个比喻都在说明:万法的灵明显现(清楚与起用),和它找不到、没有实体的那一面,是分不开的。更进一步,它们指向空也空:显现背后没有另一层隐藏的真相或虚无;当你看见一个东西是空时,已经没有一个实体留给你去说它是空。这不是把东西削薄的见解,而是看见根本没有一个空性的本体还剩在那里。把它们的空看透了,你正好回到日常的表面,看到一切法只有一个相,那就是:没有固定相

海市蜃楼:在旷野里,水在那儿的强烈感觉,会随着炙热的气流、光线、以及知觉而起,它很能起用,但这份强烈,和它完全无实体的性是一体的。照《泡沫经》那样仔细看,它空空的、里头没有。你对的那份了知,和水其实没有自性,并不是两个东西:它显得鲜明,正是它没有可依。所谓空的也空,就是没有一层隐藏的无在背后;那一层闪烁的表面,就是整个无依的呈现。把它的空看穿,你其实就回到了那份鲜明、不可抓的显现本身。

水月(在水里的月影):水中的月,清净灵明——清楚、明亮、分明。它出现,完全靠我们叫作的天体、能反照的水面,以及观察者的角度和位置。人一旦初步体会到灵明,很容易把它实体化成永恒的见证者我是,所以还需要更深一步。就算你已经看穿有一个分离的能知者的错觉,还是可能把这份灵明的显现错当成一个真的、外在的世界。只有再进一步把一切法的缘起(pratītya-samutpāda)与空性看透,才知道这份灵明本身,就是完全如幻、不可得。它的明与空,不是两件事;同样,真的那个月亮,也只是依缘假名。所以,水中的影,是幻上加幻。它的最终本性,就是无性。看见它空,显出来的不是什么都没有,而是把那片粼粼水光如实看作当下、无依的全部呈现

:梦是一个全景式的鲜明世界——色、声、情绪都逼真得很,它靠睡眠时的心和业习而起。这份沉浸式的鲜明,跟它没有可据之核的性是一起的。醒来后仔细一看,整座梦境没有内核。它能显现,正是因为它根本无所依。梦的表面下,没有再下一层的本体。这个短暂而鲜明的梦世界,就是全部。

幻术:魔术师能让一匹马的强烈显现,牢牢抓住观众。它之所以看起来可信,是因为魔术师的技术、道具、以及观众的知觉配合,缘起而成;它的本性却是找不到。细看就知道:虚空无核——魔术哪里有?鲜明和空寂不分开,这正是如幻。你破了这个幻,不是找到什么背后的真理,而是回到魔术师、道具、观众的日常世界——光亮而普通的表面。

回声:回声的出现很清楚,它靠最初的声音、反射面、空气而起。这份清楚,跟它没有独立的根源的性不分家。细看,里面没有;回声有什么中心?你听到这声的那份了知,就是它无性的样子。清楚与空寂,不是两回事。看明白了,回声的最终样子,就是它自己可听、短暂、无依的出现。

乾闥婆城:云霞映出的天空之城,庄严、复杂、灵明,是靠云、光、空气条件而起。它的壮丽,和它完全无实的性是一体的。细看,里面没有:云上的城,哪里有什么本体?它的鲜明,就是它的无依。表面之下没有别的东西;它耀眼的幻相,就是事件的全部。

幻影:某些因缘之下出现的鬼魅,会以惊人的鲜明,让人害怕。它的强烈出现,跟它没有可寻之核的性不分开。细看,里面没有;幻影有什么中心?人之所以害怕,不是因为幻影本身有可怕的自性,而是因为把它当真、实体化了。看见它空了,鲜明仍在,恐惧却因为执着松开而自己散了。对鬼魅的了知,和它无依的性,归根到底是一味。

镜中影:镜中的像很清楚、很精确、很灵明,它靠你的脸、镜面和光而起。我们去看这份鲜明,会发现不管在像相里,还是在它的清明里,都找不到一个自性。镜中所现,里头没有;镜影有什么中心?鲜明地被知道没有可寻之性,分不开。所谓究竟空,就是连空也没有一个本体可执。镜影的,就是它在镜面上清清楚楚、依缘而起、鲜活地出现

所有这些比喻,一遍又一遍地敲打同一点:一切法都如幻。它们鲜明的现前,不跟它们不可得的那一面分开——明与空,是一体的。色即是空,空即是色,不是两种东西,而是一场不可分的显现。法依条件而生起成一份鲜活、自然的临在;这种显现,到了概念里,就只能叫依缘安立的名字;而这份鲜明的显现,当体就是无依、无核的性。

拆解知觉三支无眼……无法……无意识

有了上面这些准备,我们可以靠近《心经》(Toh 21)最难的一段。《心经》很简洁地说:色即是空,空即是色……是故空中无眼耳鼻舌身意、无无明亦无无明尽……无智亦无得。这段大否定,其实是把整个知觉过程,简明而系统地拆开,解除/物二分的错觉。(要看实践向的展开,可以参心、物与中道《光明藏三昧》的行者札记。)

经文用一个字,把三支各自自性成立的想法逐一否掉:

无根(无眼):一团组织,为什么能叫?只有在的事件里,它跟所见的色相应的识合在一起,它才起的功能。离开可见的色相应的识,它就不成其为。所以是依缘而起,正因为如此,它是空的,没有自性,只是根据功能、条件安的一个正当名字,并没有一个内在的自体。(可参三者相遇的定义,SN 35.93。)

无境(无法):所谓,作为能被看见的法,其实完全是关系性的定义”——它就是跟见根、见识相对应的那个所缘。它的可见性不是自己就有的本性,而是安立在三支互相依赖里。所以,作为可见法的色,是空的,只是一个假名。

无识(无眼识):识,总是对某某的识;不可能在一个真空里自己冒出来。佛陀反复说:识依缘而起,离所缘缘,识不得生MN 38)。所以识也没有一个独立的核心,它是空的、是假名安立(upādāya-prajñapti)的(当眼和色会合时,我们才叫它眼识)。

合起来看:这三支——根、境、识——是一刹那的因缘会合事件就是三事和合SN 35.93)。既然三者没有一个能自己独立成立,《心经》才说空中无眼……无法……无眼识,它是否定自性,而不是否定世俗上的功能。(早期经典还有两束芦苇互相斜靠的比喻,来说明彼此倚赖SN 12.67。)龙树再用偈子把逻辑钉上:

诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。

(术语提醒:必须严格区分缘起的正见pratītyasamutpāda),和一种被实体化的依他而真的存在parabhāva)。所谓依他实有,就是误以为靠着别的条件,东西就真的有自体,这其实还是自性见换个壳。对龙树来说,依赖不是一种真实存在的方式;恰恰因为依赖,所以无自性,只是假名安立(upādāya-prajñapti)。我们的说话,在世俗里是有效的,但不能把它执成真实。)

意念上的松开,到光明在心上的印证

前面用鼓喻、三支、八喻所做的分析,是理解空性不可少的理路。它说明:我们平常的那些观念——“自我”“作者”“见者//所见”“”“诸法”——其实都是从灵明的流动里抽出来的依缘假名,它们没有自体。这一见很关键,也很能解脱。但如果理解只停留在把概念拆开,那还是停在意念层面的松开。也就是说,人可能明白概念和名言的实体化是空的,但释放只发生在心里概念的层面

用古代车喻来讲层次会很清楚:第一步,你会懂不过是对零件的假名;就像天气,只是对风雨晴阴等现象的一个安立。这个阶段,你懂的是名字是空的,而把那堆部件的聚合(也就是五蕴、也就是鲜明的当下经验)留作还没被看空。这就还不究竟。更深的理解,是把车喻推到一切法:有人说过,别老想着五蕴也是空;如果你真的明白车是空的,那还有什么不是空的?问题在于:除非你直接体认到唯名”“空性,就是眼前这份鲜明的出现本身,否则蕴的聚合还是会被当成真的有东西

关键的翻转,是把想出来的理解,变成当体就见。如果我们先抽象出一个的名言,再想那个被命名的是空的,这还是比量推断。直接的现观,是在于看见被看空的那个’”,其实就是眼前这份鲜明的现。空性,就是这份现。所谓被安个名字而空,正是这份鲜明的出现自身——像蜃楼一样闪烁,却怎么抓也抓不住。它不是只是一个概念标签。凡你眼前所见——手机、桌子、汽车——当下这份鲜明的出现,就是;它是一份鲜明、不可得的显现。既然这样,在胜义里,没有手机、没有痛、没有苦,以及《心经》所有的,都能成立。这个层级的直接体认,是对空明那份抓不住、靠不住、没有着落的亲见——一种显现出来的空没有天气,不是说天气不存在,而是说我们叫作下雨的那份鲜明显现,本身没有一个东西,像彩虹或全息影像那样——“显现出来的‘无/没有’”。空,也就是色。

更根本的成办,是在显现这一层直接印证这份释放——就在鲜明出现、光明临在这里成就。如果不在这里亲见空性,就算你搞懂八不,也还没触到光明的心。挡住这个直证的,是一个细微却很顽固的预设:镜不是影。也就是相信有一个真实、常住的底面(镜),跟在其上变来变去的显相(影)是分开的。就算你在意念层面放松了执着,如果把一切都归成一个不变、纯净的非二觉知,还是落到把它实体化。如果理解停在意层,就还没有把光明之性的空穿透。

要再进一步,除了知道名言是空,还要追问:那些名言的约定是怎么先被实体化、后来又被解构的?答案是:它们都是从原初的、光明的显现里抽出来的。所以探问要转向光明自身的样子。可以用一个像公案的问题来逼近:这份光明、这份鲜明的出现,为什么能随着条件变化而那么轻、那么神奇、那么无缝地变?如果它有一个硬核,它为什么会这么容易就变来变去?这里的关键转弯在于:光明的恒常在变,本身就是没有真实生、没有真实灭的直接证据。显相不断地不住不停,它就在活生生证明:从来就没有一个坚固的东西真生过、也没真灭过。

最后,这种对一切法如幻、无生的深证,甚至会越过诸行无常这个佛教最基本的教法。无常的提醒,是非常重要、非常善巧的筏,带我们离开常见,走向无我。可是当你直接看见一切法如幻,连/无常这套概念,也可以放下。《般若》说:真正的修持,不要在是常还是非常,是我还是非我,是空还是不空上打转。当行持越来越自然,你把三法印的筏子也放下,安住在心的不可捉。这时候,对大乘所谓的’”也有了更细致的理解:它不是不变的实体,而是既然不生,所以不受生灭因缘所牵

不过要明白,道元说无常即佛性的这个变易,不是一个供你理解、然后超越的哲学概念,而是直接指向:你就在山川树木、日光风声、脚步一闪这类短暂的现象里,当下就印证佛性,不是在某个离世间、永远不变的觉那一边。就算已经体会无常就是佛性,也就是无我的体认之后,还得直接看见:缘起与八不,是怎样直接指向光明的性

这样,八不就不再是哲学上的结论,而会成为当体的滋味

  • 不生 & 不灭:玫瑰的红从哪里来?钟声的响到哪里去?这刹那、靠缘而起的一闪光明,从来不是一个被生出来的实体,所以也不是一个会灭掉的实体
  • 不常 & 不断:你看到的每一幕、听到的每一声,都是在自己证明它不恒常。既然没有,又哪里来的断灭
  • 不来 & 不去:这份光明的显现,不是从哪儿来,也不往哪儿去。它只是一刹那、不可定位、靠条件出现的展示。
  • 不一 & 不异:红,不不同于看见红,也不等同于一个玫瑰这件东西。缘起、不二、无缝的经验,把这些概念造作都化掉了。

当见到这个层次,对空性的理解,就不再是干巴巴的否定,而是直接承认:这个世界光明、鲜活、不断变化的显现,就是它的空性。这正是见地上的关键突破,它把仅仅停留在概念框架上的理解,与对光明之性的直接品味,拉开了决定性的差距。

从光明心走到空性的修行路径

《心经》说的是究竟的见,但通往这个见的体验之路同样重要。在本评论中,我依据自己对禅宗典籍(如《光明藏三昧》Kōmyōzō Zanmai,英译 Treasury of Light)的个人诠释而勾勒

第一期:光明临在的根本印证(我是的体会)
第一步,是直接体认光明之心本身——那份一直都在的纯粹知道的临在,它是一切经验的底子。这个印证能给你稳定的根基,方便你深入不二。不过在这个阶段,人常会把临在误当成永恒的见证者

中间期:被实体化的非二(一心
我是之后,修行人常会进入一种很深的非二境:万象都是一心的显。这个见很有力量,也很珍贵;但它有一个微妙的陷阱——一心再实体化成一个终极本体,觉得它和一切不二、甚至就是一切。这还是一种实体化的见,需要用无我的智慧去穿透,让人看到:这份灵明的知道,本身也是依缘而起、也是空的。

第二期:无我与空性的深证
既然已经印证了光明的根,接下来就把光照回的本身。

  • 人我空(pudgala-nairātmya:观察这份灵明的心,看到它没有一个独立、自足的自性。这是一种不二而无作者的直接体认,常用偈句表达:

有思而无思者;
有闻而无闻者;
有见而无见者。

又说:
思唯是念;
闻唯是声;
见唯是色相。

  • 法我空(dharma-nairātmya:再往里去,看见一切显相如梦如幻、当体即空

这个次第很要紧:先印证心与显相的光明鲜明,再透彻它们的空,就不会掉到断灭里去;反而会看到一切法像彩虹一样:灿烂可见,却完全不可得

从鼓到佛:同一条理

这个道理可以普遍推广。《入如来境界之觉光庄严》(The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All BuddhasToh 100)用打比方,说云无生无灭,离来离去;接着用同样的逻辑指向如来:为了利益众生而示现,但在胜义上,如来仍然像云一样不生不灭。这个理路,最后还是回到龙树的名偈:诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。

结语

当我们明白空性不是没有,而是一种让显现发生的动态可能性的时候,《心经》的智慧就打开了。就像鼓声既不在各部分里、也不在各部分外,它的恰恰让它能依缘而无误地显现。我们整个的经验世界——从鼓声到蜃景的光明显现——都靠同一个原则在运作。不过,要圆满地体会到这个原则,得把缘起(pratītya-samutpāda)的真正意思透穿。一个浅层的理解,会把缘起(pratītya-samutpāda)当成解释一个看似坚固的整体,怎么由部件和条件组合起来的方式。这样虽然比朴素的实在论前进了一步,但心底还是在抓一个整体的自性,习惯把经验凝固化

正确的理解,就像宗喀巴大师所说:现象对部件、对条件那种激进的依赖,恰恰是把它没有可找核心的事实暴露出来。既然找不到一个自性,在胜义上就没有一个真的生起。剩下的,只是一种没有硬核、但光明的显现;好像全息影像——鲜活地在眼前,却怎么也抓不住。这才是无生的真意思,和缘起(pratītya-samutpāda)”“空性说的是同一个事。这个把两边看成一体的见地,就是宗喀巴说的圆成正见。有人对此感触很深:这也许正是我在体会无我之后,最重要的一点。太深太妙了。你不只要从离戏那边来见,还要从缘起这边来见。宗喀巴还说:如果对显现(不欺的缘起)和对空性(绝一切立场)的理解还是各自分开的,那就还没有契入圣者的本意。只有在一念之间,正是不欺的缘起的见,让一切自性执当场瓦解,才算到位。

进一步说,这才是真正的中道。正像宗喀巴所写:如其见显现,能遮掉的极端;如其见空性,能遮掉的极端。懂得空性本身就是因果在起作用,于是就离掉了一切边见。

先把自己安在光明临在的直接印证上,我们就为空性的深观,打下了体验的地基。这个起步,能确保接下来做解构的时候,不会误成虚无。等我们从这份光明的基底进入空性,空就不再被误会成概念上的否定一片贫瘠的虚空。我们反而能稳稳、深深地印证经中所指的实情:包括在内的一切法,都是不生不灭。这不是把世界抹掉,而是把它真实、奇妙的样子揭出来:鲜明、起用、灿然的显现,完全没有一个坚固可找的核心

参考(根本文献与佐证)

《老妇问经》(Mahallikā-paripcchāToh 171)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(鼓声段落:由是等缘,名之为声……无来无去……一切法本自寂止。
《般若波罗蜜多心经》(Toh 21)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(色即是空……空中无眼耳鼻舌身意……无智亦无得。
《入如来境界之觉光庄严》(The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All BuddhasToh 100)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(云与如来皆无生无灭,离来离去。
龙树《中论》二十四品第十八偈。(诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。
《相应部》三十五相应第九十三经(SN 35.93)。触为根、境、识三事和合
《相应部》十二相应第六十七经(SN 12.67)。两束芦苇相待依存之喻。
《中部》第三十八经(MN 38)。离所缘缘,识不得生,破迁流而自同之识
《增支部》一集第四十九至第五十二经(AN 1.49–52)。诸比丘,心是光明的……”
《相应部》二十二相应第九十五经(SN 22.95,《泡沫经》)。以泡沫、水泡、阳焰、芭蕉干、幻术等喻五蕴之无实。
(术语:
śūnyatāpabhassara / prabhāsvaraupādāya-prajñaptipratītyasamutpāda。)

参考(次要与解说)

心、物与中道(觉醒现实网站)。
《光明藏三昧》的行者札记(觉醒现实网站)。
NOAA SciJinks 科普资料:虹是如何形成的?(主虹观测角约为 42°。)
八喻之条贯(对照与概览)——Rigpa Shedra Wiki

 

Soh

这篇文章是我为母亲所写,她希望我为她解说《心经》。读了我篇文章的中文翻译后,John Tan 说:“这个翻译相当不错,不过还可以再展开一些。”

(版本 0.2)

不可得的圆满:鼓声、虹光与海市蜃楼如何开启《心经》

心经》对日常知觉提出了深刻挑战。它的核心宣示“色即是空,空即是色”,以及“无眼耳鼻舌身意……无智亦无得”等通贯全经的否定,极易被误解为对世界的虚无否定。然而此一激进教法并非抹杀,而是“去实体化”:精准拆解我们把坚固、自立的实有投射到流动、相依世界的习气。要真正领会这一点,不必先跳入抽象哲学;我们可以从佛教传统中具体而优雅的譬喻起步。鼓声、虹影与“八喻”的启示表明,空性(性空)并非一片虚无,而是“不可得”、无自性之核心的彻底不在;正因此,诸法得以鲜明显现、圆满运作。

鼓声:以“不可得之自性”显空
佛说老女人经》(Mahallikā­paripṛcchā,Toh 171)中的鼓譬喻奠定了根本逻辑。鼓被击打,声便起。我们立刻本能地要定位这“声”:在木框里吗?在蒙皮里吗?在鼓槌里吗?在击鼓之手里吗?经中层层析破,结论是:“声不住于木,不住于皮,不住于杖,亦不住于人之手。然由诸缘,是名为声。所谓声者亦为空,无来无去……”声在其诸要素中全然不可得,也不作为一个离诸缘之独立实体而存在。此一探求,正在寻觅“声”的本质或核心——一个可被钉住的自足“声物”。寻不得其核心,即显其空。

既然没有自成一体之“声物”可得,我们所谓的“存在”,就只是依缘安立、于一组功能性条件上假名安立(upādāya-prajñapti)的称呼。此即指向离有无二边之中道:声非具有自性之常住(常见),亦非全然无(断见),因为其功能昭昭。它的运作全属世俗假名,依赖诸缘而安立。抽去任何一缘——蒙皮、用力、输声之气——声即不现。经文明说:“由是等缘,名之为声。所谓声者亦为空。无来无去……一切法本自寂止。”它并非从某个“声境”旅行至耳根。此即《心经》所摄的“不生不灭”。鼓声无有可寻、静止之核,正因其不可得,缘聚则显、缘离则寂,分明无误。

(旁通:同经将此义推广至生死、五蕴与诸识:言其“无作者”,不从何处来、亦不往何处去,皆依缘假立。此已预告《心经》之三重否定。)

鼓喻与龙树八不(逐点应用)
龙树尊者于《中论》(Mūlamadhyamakakārikā)开首偈总摄中道,以八“不”示现:不生不灭,不常不断,不来不去,不一不异;复言“息诸戏论”(prapañcopaśama)。《老妇问经》之鼓喻,使每一“不”落实成可验的体验分析:鼓击之际,“声”不在木、不在皮、不在杖、不在手,乃依此等因缘而“假名为声”,“无来无去”。

今就“不可得与假名安立”逐点明析(参《中论》二十四品第十八偈:“诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。”):

一、不生(不生即不生起)
若“声”为自性实有,则要么击前已在(不须生),要么全无(不能生)。然经已示:声不在任何依处(木、皮、杖、手)或依处之外。故所谓“生起”,只是缘聚之时我们的称名;并无自立之“声体”被“生起”。于中观,正由于彻底依待,所谓“生”才显为空。

二、不灭(不灭即不止息)
若从未有自性生,则亦无自性灭。振动消散时,支持“声”之安立的缘已解;功能虽息,并无“物”毁灭。所谓“不灭”,与“不生”同一义路:所现不过本为空、依缘假名之事件。

三、不断(非断灭)
“断灭”意味着真实体性被摧坏。然经已明示:所谓“声”于一切寻求皆无实质,何所可断?于是远离断见,而世俗“闻止”之相仍可承认。

四、不常
同样,常住被排除。声之可能全凭即时条件(皮之张力、冲击、空气、闻者)。任一缘缺,即无“响”。所托诸缘迁流不住,岂可谓常?

五、不来
经云:声不住木、皮、杖、手,亦不从他处“来”。“由是等缘,名之为声。”并无实体由隐秘之所入于可闻。所谓“来”,是加诸依缘事件的投射。

六、不去
声渐歇,不“去”何所——不回木中,亦不赴他界。缘既不具,施设之所依不在;无有“物”离去。“不去”之义,鼓喻已自分明。

七、不异(不相异)
若声异于诸缘,则应可离诸缘而可思可取。然事实不然:离开皮、木、击打、空气、闻觉,何来“声”?既与其支分不相离,强立一个超越诸缘的“它物”,即不成理。故“不异”。

八、不一(不相同)
若声即任何一缘(如皮),则皮未击时即是“响”;或若声即诸缘之静态总和,则鼓、杖、气并置,即当“恒响”。皆不然。故“非一”。

息诸戏论
以一譬喻而破八边,赞颂随即归于“息诸戏论”(prapañcopaśama)——止息将事件固化为具固定形上地位(生灭、来去、一异)的心行。鼓喻示现这些地位终不适用:所谓“声”,唯是假名安立于缘起(pratītyasamutpāda)之网络之上(upādāya-prajñapti)。见此,戏论寂灭,正观安住。

虹影:炫丽之显相与灵明之知
虹的示例,形象呈现“显相炳然而无所储藏”的原则。一道虹以极其精确而绚丽的色弧出现,却毫无实体与所在;它需特定因缘:日光、空中水滴、观者处于约四十二度之角度;稍移一步,“虹”便不见——从无一个“物”潜伏在何处。它不自何来,不藏于水滴或日轮,隐没时亦不退入秘处。(关于主虹几何角度约四十二度,可参 NOAA SciJinks。)

科学叙述列举了物理依待,却往往忽略了体验层面最关键的一缘:自心之灵明。若无有情之知觉能力,纵使物理条件完全齐备,仍无“虹之经验”。故灵明之心、净妙之识,必须被纳入作为一件已知之缘起事件不可或缺的条件。

这引入空性的关键互补:光明(巴 pabhassara;梵 prabhāsvara,常译“心本光明”)。此“光明”并非灯火之光,而是觉知本身之澄莹灵明——任何经验之鲜明、清晰之呈现。离开这些显相,并无另一个“知”;“知”即“显”。尤须强调,此净识并非一个分离之、居后的实体,更不是某个“真我”。如同虹影,此灵明之知亦自性为空。并非主观认知照耀客观所缘,而是了知到法法自显之非二自明;且此自明亦性空无性。这即“明与空不二”:从未有一个分离的主体与客体先立而后合。色界非昏空之虚寂,而是净识之光明、澄澈、鲜活的自显;我们的经验正是此光明之显现。

八喻:显相与空性之双运
为加深此见,诸大乘经常举“八喻”。(不同经典与传承所列略有差异;另可参《泡沫经》(SN 22.95)之密切相关意象。)这些譬喻并非断言“世界是假的”,而是训练心识如实见一切诸法皆如幻。区别至为关键:称为“假的”,仍处“真伪二分”的框架——伪钞对真钞、幻觉对可证之物。此仍预设一个牢固之“本底实在”。称诸法“如幻”,则更为微妙:如幻非无,显现炳然,并于世俗层面起作用(海市蜃楼能引渴与希求);但当其性状受检,发现全然依因待缘,自性不可得,无独立实体。故“如幻”既肯定世俗显相,又揭示其胜义之空寂、无生。

《二万五千颂般若》(Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā)中明言此义,示菩萨摩诃萨安住二空——无量空与无始无终空——而如是教化众生:

“三界为空。于其中无色、受、想、行、识,亦无诸根处与诸界。其如梦、如响、如光学错乱、如幻、如阳焰、如鬼魅。于其中无五蕴、无六处、无十八界。于其中无梦亦无作梦者,无回响亦无闻响者,无光学错乱亦无见者,无幻术亦无作幻者,无阳焰亦无见阳焰者,无鬼魅亦无见鬼魅者。一切诸法皆是非有,体性亦非有;而汝等于无蕴计有蕴,于无处计有处,于无界计有界。以一切诸法由缘起而妄现,复由宿业成熟而取执;若不如是,何以于诸法之无有而计为有?”

每一喻都显示:法之灵明显现(清澈与显用)与其不可得、无实体之性,乃不可分离。更进一步,它们指向“空之空”——并无一个隐藏于显相背后的“实情”或“虚无”;证其空时,再无“实体”可言其空。此非削减性的见,而是了知并无一个“空性体”存留。透达其空,正回到日常表面,了知“一切法一相,乃无相”。

海市蜃楼:在旷野,闪烁之水的鲜明现前,依赖灼热之气流、光线与知觉而生,功能强烈,与其全然无实、空寂之性不相离。正如《泡沫经》所教,细观之,则虚空无核。蜃景之“知”与其“无性”不二:显相之鲜明,即其无所凭依。此便是“空之空”:并无一层隐藏之“无”在背后;那闪烁的表面即是事件完整而无依之呈现。透其空,恰好回到那鲜明而不可执取之显相本身。

水月:水中月影,净妙而灵明——清澈、明亮、分明。其出现全赖因缘和合:我们假名为“月”的天体、可映之水面、以及观者之特定视角。初悟灵明之后,人往往将之实体化为不生不灭之见证者或“我是”,因此需更深之洞见。即便见破“有一分离之能知者”的错觉,仍可能误以为此灵明之显为一个真实外在世界。唯有更进一步透析诸法之缘起与空性,方知此灵明本身即是全然如幻、不可得。它的明与空不二;同理,“真实之月”亦仅是依缘假名。故水中之影,是“幻之幻”。其终极之性,因此为“无性”。悟其空,所显非虚无,而是将那粼粼影像如实看作当下无依之全体呈现。

梦:梦境是全方位的鲜明显现——色声与强烈情绪逼真如实,依赖睡眠之心与业习而起。此沉浸之鲜明,与其“无所可据”的本性不相离。醒后细观,整座梦境空无内核。梦之现前,即其根本无依。梦的表面之下并无“本体层”;那转瞬即逝而鲜明的世界,便是全体。

幻术:术者之幻,能令一匹“马”之有力显现摄人心魂。此可信之显相,由术士之技、器具与观众之知觉而缘起,本性则不可得。细观之,虚空无核:幻术何有“体”?鲜明与空寂之不二,正使之为“如幻”。洞穿其幻,并非到达某个“背后真相”,而恰好回到术者、器具与观众的世俗层面——光明而世俗的表面。

回声:回响之现前清晰分明,依初音、反射面与空气而起。然其清晰不离其无有独立本源之性。细观之,空寂无核;回声何有中心?“闻此声”的了知即是其无性;清晰与空寂不二。悟此,则回声之终极,只是自身可闻、瞬逝、无依之现起。

乾闼婆城:云霞幻成的“天城”,庄严宏丽而灵明,依云与光及大气条件而生。其壮丽不离其全然无实。细观之,虚空无核:云端之城何有本体?它的鲜明正是其无依。表面之下别无他物;其耀目之幻,即是完整之事件。

幻影:某些条件下显起的“鬼魅”,能以惊人的鲜明逼人恐惧;然其可怖之显相与其无有可寻之核不相离。细观之,空寂无核;幻影何有中心?它所引之惧,并非来自幻影自身,而由对其实体化的误解而生。见其空时,鲜明仍然,惧则由执而自解。对“鬼魅”的了知与其无依之性,毕竟一味。

镜中影:镜像清晰、精确而灵明,赖面容、镜面与光而缘起。细观其鲜明,既不于像相中、亦不于其明净中可得一“自性”。镜中所现,虚空无核;镜影何有中心?鲜明之知显与无可寻之性不可分离;“究竟空”即“究竟无空”,并无一个“空性的本体”存留。镜影之性,唯是其在镜面上清晰、依缘、鲜活之呈现。

如是诸喻反复锤炼要点:一切法如幻。它们之灵明现前,并不分离于其不可得之性——明与空之不二。色即是空,空即是色;二者非二。诸法依缘而自显为鲜活、自然的临在;此之为显,于概念中是依缘之假名;而此鲜明之显当体即是其无依、无核之性。

解构知觉三支:“无眼……无法……无意识”
有此前提,我们方能靠近《心经》(Toh 21)最难处。《心经》撮要云:“色即是空,空即是色……是故空中无眼耳鼻舌身意、无无明亦无无明尽……无智亦无得。”这是对整个知觉过程之简练而系统的解构,化解“心—物”二分。(实践取向之展开,可参“心、物与中道”与“〈光明藏三昧〉的行者札记”等论述。)

经文以“无”字纲要,逐一否定三支各自的自性成立:
“无根”(无眼):何以一团组织成为“眼”?唯在“见”的事件中,它与“色”及“识”发生正当关联时,才起“眼”的功能。若离可见之色与相应之识,则不成其为眼。故“眼”依缘而起,以是之故,性空无自性,只是依功能与条件而安立的正名,并无内在自体。(可参“触”为“三事相遇”的定义,SN 35.93。)

“无境”(无法):所谓“色”,作为可见之法,纯属关系性定义——即与“见根”与“见识”相对之所缘。它的“可见性”非自有之性,而是安立于三支相依之中。故作为“可见法”的色,性空而假名。

“无识”(无眼识):识恒为“于某某之识”;不可能“在真空中”生起。佛陀屡说:识依缘而起,“离所缘缘,识不得生”(MN 38)。故识亦无独立之核,空而假名(当眼与色会时,我们称之为“眼识”)。

合而观之:三支——根、境、识——是一刹那的缘会事件(“触”为“三事和合”,SN 35.93)。既然三者各自不成立,《心经》言“空中无眼……无法……无眼识”,乃否定其自性,而非否定世俗功能。(早期经典另以“两束芦苇”互倚,喻相待依存,SN 12.67。)龙树复以偈印可:
“诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。”

(术语提示:须严分“缘起正见”(pratītyasamutpāda)与某种被实体化的“依他而实有”(parabhāva)。所谓“依他实有”误以为法“靠他而真有”,不过是自性见之隐形。于龙树,依待并非一种“真实存有之方式”;恰因依待,故无自性,唯是假名安立。我们的言谈,属有效世俗,不得执实。)

从“意层松脱”到“光明之心”
鼓喻、三支与八喻的分析,为理解空性提供了不可或缺的理路。它昭示我们的常见观念——“自我”“作者”“见者—见—所见”“心”“身”与“诸法”——皆是从灵明流中抽象而来之依缘假名,无有自性。这一见地关键而解脱。然而,若理解仅止于“拆解概念”,那不过是“意层的松脱”。人也许明白概念与名言的实体化皆为空,但这只在意念层面带来解放。

借古“车喻”可辨诸层:初步了知“车”是对诸部件的假名,如同“天气”假名于风雨晴阴之集合。此时“名言为空”的理解仍把集合(即五蕴、即鲜明的当下经验)留作“未空”。此为不究竟。更深的理解,是将车喻推及一切法。有人言:“莫总想着‘五蕴也是空’;你若真懂‘车空’,还有什么不空?”难处在于:若未亲证“唯名”“空性”即眼前鲜明之现前,蕴聚就仍显为“实”。

关键的转折,是从思辨转为直下当体。如果我们先抽象一个“车”的名言,再想“名言之车为空无自性”,那仍是比量推度。真切的现观,是见到“所空之车”正是眼前“鲜明之现”。空性即此现;被言为“车”、而“为名而空”的,正是这鲜明显现自身——如同蜃楼般不可执、闪烁而在。它不是“仅仅一个概念标签”。凡你所见之物——手机、桌子、车——当下这鲜明之现即“车”;它是鲜明而不可得的显现。因此,于胜义,“无手机、无痛苦、无受者”,乃至《心经》一切“无”。此时的直证,是对空明之“无可捉、无可据、无所依”的亲见——一种“显现的空缺”。“无天气”并非说天气不存在,而是说我们称为“落雨”的鲜明显现,实无一物,犹如虹或全息——“显现的无”。空即是色。

更根本的成办,是在“现相层”亲证此解脱——于“鲜明显现、光明临在”之处成就。若未于此处亲证空性,纵然理解八不,仍未触及“光明之心”。阻碍此直证的,是一个细微却顽固的预设:“镜不是影”。亦即相信有一个真实、常住的“底面”(镜),与一切变幻的显相(影)相分离。即便意层的松脱已经发生,若将一切摄归为“一个不变的纯净非二知”,仍落于实体化。若理解停于意层,光明之性的空仍未穿透。

要更进一步,除见名言之空外,还须追问:诸假名如何得以先被实体化,而后再被解构?答案是:它们皆从原初的、光明的现行中抽象而出。故询求应转向“光明”自身的性状。可以一则似公案的探问引导:“这光明、这鲜明之现,如何能随着条件之变而如此轻易、如此神奇而无缝地变易?若它有一个坚固之核,岂会云云易变?”此处的关键翻转在于:光明之“常变”本身,即“无有真实生、无有真实灭”的直接印证。显相之不住,不断地作证:从无一个坚固之“物”真生、亦未真灭。

至终,此对诸法如幻、无生之深证,甚至超越了佛教根本的“诸行无常”教法。“无常”的强调,是最重要而善巧的筏,导心远离常执,趋向无我与空性。然而当诸法被直见为如幻时,“常—无常”的观念架构亦可放下。《般若》告诫:究竟之行,不于法是常或非常,是我或非我,是空或不空而作分别。行住坐卧若渐入自然而然,诸法印之筏亦得放下,安住于心之不可捉取性。于此,便有更细致的大乘“常”的理解:并非不变实体,而是“既不生故,不由生灭之因所系”。

然而须了知,道元所说“无常即佛性”的“变易”,并非一个哲学概念可供理解或超越,而是指向直下亲证:于山川草木、日光风响、足音一闪之刹那,直验佛性即此诸行无常之显,并非别有一个离世间、常住不变之觉在彼岸。即使在“无常即佛性”——即无我之悟后,仍须直见缘起与八不如何直指“光明之性”。

如此,八不不再是哲学结论,而成“现量之味”:
不生与不灭:玫瑰之红自何来?钟声之响向何去?刹那、依缘之光明一闪,从非一个“诞生”的实体,亦非一个“灭尽”的实体。
不常与不断:一切所见所闻的瞬息,即是“不常”的自证。既无“生”,何来“灭”的“断灭”?
不来与不去:光明之现,不自何来,亦不往何去。它只是刹那而不可定位、依条件之显示。
不一与不异:红并不异于见红,亦不等同于一个“玫瑰—物”。依缘而起、非二而无缝的经验,融化这些概念造作。

当见到达此处,对空性的理解不再是干枯的否定,而成直接承认:世界之光明、鲜活、恒常变易的显现,即其空性。这一突破,使“思辨框架”与“光明之性”有了决定性的分野。

从光明心到空性的实践之径
《心经》呈现究竟之见,而到达该见之体验之路同等关键。在这篇评论中,我依自身对禅宗文献(如《光明藏三昧》Kōmyōzō Zanmai,Treasury of Light)的理解,分期铺陈一条修学路径:

第一期:光明临在之根本现证(“我是”的悟)。第一步是直证“光明之心”自身——恒常在场之纯粹“知”的临在,是一切经验之基。此为稳固之基,使人得以深入非二与空性;虽此阶段仍常把“临在”误执为恒常之见证者。

中间期:实体化的非二(“一心”)。在“我是”之后,行者往往进入一种深刻的非二境:万象皆是一心之显。此见虽强而可贵,却易陷入一个微细的牢笼——将“一心”再度实体化为终极之“本体”,认为其与一切“非二”或“化作一切”。此为实体化之见,须由无我之慧来穿破,使人了知此灵明之知本身亦依缘而起,性空无性。

第二期:无我与空性之深证。既已现证光明之基,旋即回光探照此“知”自身。
人我空(pudgala-nairātmya):观此灵明之心,见其无有独立、自足之自性。此为“无作者”的不二现观,常以偈句表达:

有思而无思者;
有闻而无闻者;
有见而无见者。

又曰:

思唯是念;
闻唯是声;
见唯是色相。


法我空(dharma-nairātmya):再更深入,见诸显相如梦如幻、当体即空。

此之次第甚要:先证心与显相之光明鲜明,尔后透彻其空,便不会落入断灭。反见诸法如虹:炫目昭著,而全然不可得。

从鼓到佛,理同一贯
此理普遍可推。《入如来境界之觉光庄严》(The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All Buddhas,Toh 100)以云为喻:“云无生无灭,离来离去”;继而同一逻辑直指如来:为利众生而示现,然胜义上仍如云之不生不灭。此理归于龙树名偈:“诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。”

结语
当我们了知:空性非“无”,而是动态能显之可能时,《心经》的智慧便被开启。正如鼓声不在诸分中、亦不在诸分外,其“空”恰使之依缘而无误显现;我们的整个经验世界——自鼓声至蜃景之光明显现——皆遵此一原理。然而,要圆满证解,须透入缘起之真义。肤浅的理解,以为缘起只是解释“一个看似坚固的整体如何由诸分与条件构成”;此虽较素朴实在论前进一步,却仍暗执某个“整体”的自性——心之深处仍欲将经验凝固化。

正解如宗喀巴大师所阐:现象对诸分、条件之激进依赖,正揭其无有可寻之核心。既无自性可得,于胜义即无真实生起。所余唯是一种无核、光明的显现,如同全息——鲜活在前,却全然不可捉取。这才是“无生”的真义,与缘起与空性等义。此一体等观,正是宗喀巴所谓“圆成正见”。有人因此深有所感:“此处也许正是我在无我见后最重要的一点。太深太妙。你必须不只从离戏来见,还要从缘起来见。”宗喀巴言:若对“显现(不欺的缘起)”与“空性(绝诸立场)”的理解仍各自分隔,则未契圣意。唯有于一念之中,让“不欺的缘起”本身摧毁一切自性执着,方为了义。

更进一层,这是中道之真义。正如宗喀巴所述:如其见“显现”,遮遣有边;如其见“空性”,遮遣无边。了知空性即是因果之行用,由是离尽一切极端。

以“光明临在”的直证为基,我们为空性之深观提供了体验的根基。此一初步的认证确保接下来的“解构”,不致被误会为虚无。当我们从此光明之基进入空性,空就不再被误解为观念的否定或贫瘠的虚空,而能安稳而深刻地印证经所指真相:包括心在内的一切法,皆不生不灭。这并非抹除世界,而是揭露其真实而神奇的本性:鲜明、可用、光灿的显现,彻底无有坚固可寻之核。

参考(根本文献与佐证)
《老妇问经》(Mahallikā­paripṛcchā,Toh 171)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(鼓声段落:“由是等缘,名之为声……无来无去……一切法本自寂止。”)
《般若波罗蜜多心经》(Toh 21)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(“色即是空……空中无眼耳鼻舌身意……无智亦无得。”)
《入如来境界之觉光庄严》(The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All Buddhas,Toh 100)。84000:翻译佛陀之言。(“云与如来皆无生无灭,离来离去。”)
龙树《中论》二十四品第十八偈。(“诸法因缘生,我说即是空;亦为是假名,亦是中道义。”)
《相应部》三十五相应第九十三经(SN 35.93)。触为根、境、识“三事和合”。
《相应部》十二相应第六十七经(SN 12.67)。“两束芦苇”相待依存之喻。
《中部》第三十八经(MN 38)。“离所缘缘,识不得生”,破“迁流而自同之识”。
《增支部》一集第四十九至第五十二经(AN 1.49–52)。“诸比丘,心是光明的……”。
《相应部》二十二相应第九十五经(SN 22.95,《泡沫经》)。以泡沫、水泡、阳焰、芭蕉干、幻术等喻五蕴之无实。
(术语:śūnyatā;pabhassara / prabhāsvara;upādāya-prajñapti;pratītyasamutpāda。)

参考(次要与解说)
“心、物与中道”(觉醒现实网站)。
“〈光明藏三昧〉的行者札记”(觉醒现实网站)。
NOAA SciJinks 科普资料:“虹是如何形成的?”(主虹观测角约为四十二度。)
“八喻”之条贯(对照与概览)——Rigpa Shedra Wiki。